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Neoliberalism and the Western Market Democracies

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Posted: Oct 09, 2010 |Comments: 0

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Neo-liberalism is the name often given to the political-economic restructuring or reforms program proposed for developing countries by developed country economists, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank in the last 15-20 years. Neo-liberalism is not just economics: it is a social and moral philosophy, in some aspects qualitatively different from Liberalism. Neo-liberalism is more a phenomenon of the rich western market democracies than of poor regions. The role of the State in the economy has always been a controversial issue in the public debate, but it has become more so in the last quarter of a century with the rise of neo-liberal thinking that preaches the virtues of unregulated markets and recommends de-regulation, opening-up, and privatisation. The failure or what can be termed as the ‘Intellectual Bankruptcy’ of neo-liberalism in developing countries stems ultimately from its failure to base its discourse on a balance and sophisticated theory of the inter-relationship between the market, the state, and other institutions.

The global affects of the financial crises that occurred in Asia, Russia, and Latin America during the late 1990′s has created a profound crisis in the conventional wisdom concerning international development and it wouldn’t be totally inappropriate to attribute this crisis to the beliefs, doctrines, and policies of neo-liberalism which, in the words of Jorge Nef and Wilder Robles, have been “far more successful in articulating a rationalization for the globalization of market relations and unprecedented( as well as unencumbered) capital accumulation than in effectively improving the living conditions of most human beings.” [1]Nef and Robles rightly criticise the “neo-liberal development model” for having caused “a massive deterioration of living standards, growing income disparities, environmental destruction, an erosion of national sovereignty and the undermining of equity-producing policies” in developing countries around the world. A quick glance at Latin Americas economic history shows that the neo-liberal paradigm of development has created a crisis there, which now requires the creation of an alternative development paradigm that can solve its extreme vulnerability to external forces, social exclusion, and poverty. Christopher Kay and Robert Gwynne believe that the two schools of development theory that originated in Latin America during the 1950′s and 1960′s-structualist development theory, often referred to as the ‘centre-periphery paradigm, “and “dependency theory”- can provide the theoretical basis for developing “an alternative development paradigm” to contest the current dominance of the neo-liberal paradigm. John Weeks’ data on labour market conditions in Latin America reveals those neo-liberal predictions that policy reforms aimed at creating labour market “flexibility” would increase employment and lead to higher wages are refuted by the facts which show “labour’s gains in the 1990s, when economic growth quickened, were meagre, and even negative in some countries. In addition, his analysis reveals that the regional integration schemes in Latin America, having been inspired by neo-liberal ideology, have a strong bias in favour of capital and not guarantee workers’ rights. This is especially important since, as Weeks notes, the extra-legal repression of workers’ rights is endemic across the continent, as it is in most developing countries. Therefore the increased economic integration of the countries of the Western Hemisphere is a “reactionary process based upon the repression of workers rights, this has thus facilitated the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of capital.

Neoliberal programs for structural adjustments and global economic integration have radically reduced the possibilities for equitable growth and the satisfaction of social needs in Latin America. Barkin’s research indicates that a “significant number of people have chosen to construct their own independent paths to survival” in the face of ‘neoliberal nightmare’ that confronts them.

An interesting research ,conducted by Cathy A.Rakowski, concerning the effects of neo-liberal economic policies upon women in the developing countries has shown that there is a gender bias in the neoliberal economic reforms and social policies, the specific effects on women’s well-being and empowerment vary considerably from country to country and under different conditions[3]. Rakowski’s research indicates that although there is a gender bias in the neoliberal economic reforms and social policies, the specific effects on women’s well being and empowerment vary considerably from country to country and under different conditions. Most of the research shows that, in developing countries, neoliberal reforms have contributed to an increase in women’s poverty relative to men’s poverty , a decline in their nutrition and health, an increase in the number of households headed by women and a decline I the quality of women’s lives.

The revisionist account of the Argentina crisis—like that of the earlier crises in Mexico, Asia, Russia, Brazil, and Turkey—is not the product of exceptional features instead it, similarly, stems from the adherence of these countries to the neoliberal financial model. We therefore have every reason to believe that the pattern of recurrent financial crisis in developing countries will repeat itself so long as the hegemony of the neoliberal financial regime stands unchallenged.

Free Trade, a tenet of neo-liberal ideals, has promised much, but has delivered little for the smaller and less powerful nations. The classic theory is that free trade benefits both parties. It seems as though the world is being swept by free trade through organizations such as North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), regional free trade in the European Union and the World Trade Organization, which has been one of the largest driving force toward trade liberalization and globalization. The WTO favours powerful nations like Britain, The United States and Japan, giving them too much control and negotiating power. As a result smaller nations such as Bolivia or South Africa have little voice in the WTO and democracy is sub-ordinated.

Agricultural agreements have been criticised for reducing tariff protection for smaller farmers, which is an important source of income for developing countries, while WTO allows rich countries to pay their farmers massive subsidies that smaller countries can’t afford. Yet, the powerful nations, and neoliberal rhetoric keeps on pushing for greater free trade for “progress” and “free markets” that will benefit all.

Recently, the Senate passed a Bill that creates a free-trade agreement between the US and Peru. The accord with Peru would allow its exports into the US duty-free and would eliminate duties on most industrial and farm exports from the US to Peru. While this seems advantageous to both, Peru won’t gain much. The agreement will allow the US to export more and import cheap products due to cheap labour, while Peru won’t gain more market access or political leverage.

Free trade in many instances continues to deepen inequality, poverty and exploitation. Developing countries that joined the free trade bandwagon don’t have enough power to change the rules or enough economic stability to refuse to take part in trade agreements. Thus, they become stuck in the system of neoliberal institutions, driven by the rich and the multinational companies. It turns out free trade isn’t “free” at all.

Neo-liberalism supporters and the fans of ‘Washington consensus’ often refer to Chile as the global south’s best case for free-trade economic policies but scrutiny of facts tells a different story. Chile is commonly portrayed as the great exception to Latin America’s long and difficult struggle to overcome economic backwardness and instability. In 1982, conservative economist Milton Friedman of the University of Chicago pronounced the market-driven policies of General Augusto Pinochet’s military dictatorship’s “an economic mirace” . Even Nobel Laureate Joseph Stiglitz, a strong critic of the Chicago School, describe Chile in his book as an exception to the failure of unregulated free markets and free trade policies in developing nations.

In the latter years, post-pinochet, the economic boom turned to stagnation in 1997: average per capita income rose only 0.7% per year between 1998 and 2002, while unemployment stayed above 9% through 2003. Export growth, widely viewed as the engine of the Chilean “miracle”, stagnated, with total exports barely rising from $17 Billion in 1997 to $17.4 Billion in 2002.

A review of recent Chilean economic history suggests that despite the claims of free marketers, Chile’s economic performance has been mixed, and its success owe more to state intervention than to the invisible hand of free market—intervention which continued in a variety of forms under the nominally neoliberal Pinochet dictatorship. While Chile is nearly always portrayed as a neoliberal success story, the reality is that Chile’s transformation was not neoliberal at its core-that is, within the system of production.

[1] “Globalization, Neo-liberalism and the State of Underdevelopment in the New Periphery” (with Wilder Robles), Journal of Developing Societies, Vol. XVI, Fascicule 1 (Leiden: Brill, 2000), pp.27-48.

[2] David Barkin, Overcoming the Neoliberal Paradigm: Sustainable Popular development

[3] Cathy A. Rakowski, Obstacles and Opportunities to Women’s Empowerment under Neoliberal Reforms.

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Barrister Waqas Sarki -
About the Author:

Barrister Waqas Sarki did his bachelors in law from the Univerity of Manchester in 2008 and was called to the bar, at the Honourable Society of Lincoln’s Inn, on 22nd July 2010. He has been a legal advisor to a multi-million corporate firm for the last 2 years and is a specialist in Corporate and Commercial Law. During his time in the private sector he has brokered several settlements between his clients and the public sector, mainly on the issues relating to Information Governance Laws.

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Article Tags:
neoliberalism, western deomcracy, free trade, imf, world bank, case studies of neoliberalism in developing countries

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Home Page > News and Society > Dreaming Up A New And Better World

Dreaming Up A New And Better World

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It’s not that I’m tired or bored or unhappy with the world we live in, it’s just that I’m aggravated because I think we could do so much better.

Every time I turn on the TV and hear about congress or the administration proposing some program that will cost us or our children money they can’t afford to spend, I start dreaming about living in a world that wouldn’t make all these mistakes and wouldn’t put our families and us at risk.

I have so many ideas to make things better that I think would cross party lines. Maybe you have ideas too that can help us create a better Country and world to live in.

To start with I would like to change election to both houses of Congress to run for only one year. If our elected representatives can’t do something in our best interests in a year than why should we trust them to ever get anything right? One year, they perform, or they’re out.

Both houses of congress must vote by a two thirds majority in favor of any bill including spending money or raising or lowering taxes or changing or creating any entitlement program before it can become law, and presidential vetoes in these cases are out.

If congress sits frozen and can’t enact any needed legislation like the budget, a twelve person citizens committee elected by Internet vote on five days notice to the public will have the people’s power to make the necessary decisions by fifty percent vote or by national Internet referendum if they can’t make up their minds.

On the international front:

No country in the world should be allowed to create a trade deficit. Either we trade even or else we stop trading when we reach an imbalance and learn to rely on our own resources both natural and man-made.

We will not purchase any goods made with child labor or products manufactured in foreign countries to obtain lower labor costs.

We will not go to war or fight on foreign soil for nation building purposes, or to bring our culture of democracy to anyone, but only to protect out national security interests in defense of our nation.

Let’s go viral with our new world. Let’s build a better place to live in for our families and for ourselves. Let’s try and preserve our democracy, our freedom, and the principles of our constitution that made this Country great.

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Hi. I’m Arthur Levine, the author of the novel Johnny Oops. I’m sure a lot of you have even better ideas. Please add them to the comment section and we will use them as part of a revised article. Let’s go viral on What do dreams about the end of the world mean ?
Was new moon better than twilight ?
Are the comma’s in the right place? I was born in the City of Dreams, Manhattan, New York on May 5th, 1994, along with my twin brother Tim

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Two Worlds II In-Game Teaser

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Democracy Watch – Issue 10

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Democracy Watch – Issue 10

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Democracy Watch – Issue 10

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Democracy Watch – Issue 10

By: Katerina84

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Viktor Tkachuk

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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Democracy Watch – Issue 10

Ukraine is №1… almost
Ukraine has almost reached top of the leader board for the number of appeals lodged at the European Court of Human Rights. The Parliamentary ombudsman on human rights Nina Karpachova expressed her concern over the situation, but noted that Ukraine is still only in third place, piped at the post by Russia and Turkey. The endemic failure of judicial system in Ukraine to dispense justice is worthy of special attention. The scale of the problem is clear to see, in Ukraine, there is one appeal to the European Court of Human Rights per 10,000 people, whilst in other European countries it is one per 100,000 people.
Parliamentary Speaker Volodymyr Lytvyn, speaking at the annual meeting of the National Academy of Legal Sciences, said that the number of legal cases referred to the European Court of Human Rights in 1993 was 59, by 2000 it had risen to 10,500 and by August 2010 it had topped 129,650. 39% of appeals were concerning violations of the right to a fair trial, 28% for the violation of property rights, and 13% for delays in due process at local courts. Clearly the people of Ukraine do not trust their court system, which many believe to be totally corrupt. In truth, the Ukrainian courts have shown consistent incompetence in the administration of justice, the volume of appeals is simply another illustration.

People First Comment:If ever there was a more graphic illustration of the plight of Ukraine this is it. Corruption is now so endemic that the people and the state authorities can no longer administer justice within Ukraine’s own borders. How entirely predictable… after all if 450 deputies can live outside the law, if the entire governmental, judicial and senior business systems think that justice can bought and sold like chocolate bars and must be accountable to the executive power or the governing party, then it was entirely predictable that the people would eventually resort to more civilised European alternatives. This is an international disgrace but nothing is going to change until the people of Ukraine realise that justice in modern democracies doesn’t work this way.

Ukraine is equal first in the lack of charity
According to the charity world rankings, published by the British humanitarian organization “Charities Aid Foundation”, Ukraine ranks in equal last place in the world of charity. The ranking, prepared by the international research company Gallup measured philanthropy across more than 150 countries. Ukraine shares bottom place with Burundi and Madagascar. Only 5% of the Ukrainian population donate money to charity, which is one of the lowest in the world, only 14% engage in voluntary charitable work and only 19% help their neighbours.
According to experts, the legal and regulatory framework for philanthropy in Ukraine is obsolete, as most of the laws, developed by the tax services in the 1990′s, actually inhibit the development of charity and patronage. The laws concerning the regulation of charities are equally obsolete. In practice, more than 78% of Ukrainians live below the poverty line and many need charity, especially those most vulnerable including the elderly, orphaned children, the sick and those that cannot afford education, but in reality barely 20% receive it.

People First Comment: Charity in any country is predicated on two things: a stable and growing economy and a developing middle class. For a long time now Ukraine has had neither and charity has been mostly the privilege of the wealthy. Ukraine’s charity legislation dates back the soviet principal of ‘cradle to the grave’ employment where the employer took ‘care’ of all their workers’ needs. Whilst the nation has changed the legislation has not. Successive governments have failed to understand is that in a flourishing charities environment the cost of social services actually falls whilst the standards of care improve. The state can only provide the most basic of care as is amply demonstrated all over Ukraine. A properly regulated charities environment allows those who wish to contribute to give as much or as little as they can afford to which ever charity they choose.

First there needs to be proper legislation to regulate the organization of charitable entities, controlled by a ‘Charities Commission’ who not only ensure that the charity is working in the public interest but that the public money they spend is in accordance with both their statute and the law. The tax laws need to be amended to allow companies to make tax free corporate donations to registered charities and the charities themselves need to be more professionally run to attract corporate philanthropy. Finally Ukrainians themselves need to understand that what they do for those less fortunate is one of the primary measures of a civilised society and politicians and party leaders need to recognise that charity is not a washing machine for their conscience or reputation but a way to help those in real need.

American Ukrainians refuse to meet the President

In protest at the Ukrainian authority’s refusal to demonstrate a progressive attitude towards democracy, transparency and accountability in Ukraine, the United Ukrainian American community defiantly refused a personal invitation to meet the President of Ukraine on his recent visit to the USA. Their justification was detailed in an open letter from the Ukrainian Congress Committee of America to the President where they expressed their belief that the internal and foreign policies laid out by President Yanukovych are profoundly un-Ukrainian. Their key grievances being: the refusal to accept the Holodomor as a genocide against the Ukrainian people, the attacks on historians by the Ukrainian Security Services, the appointment of a pro-Russian figure to the post of head of the Institute of National Remembrance, and the presidential support of Education Minister Dmitry Tabachnyk, who has gone on record with distinctly anti-Ukrainian statements. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs tried unsuccessfully to deny the existence of any grievances between the American Diaspora community and the President.

People First Comment:This is not the first timethat the American Ukrainian Diaspora have expressed their disapproval of government executives and policy. In 2006, at the Ukrainian trade fair in Chicago, Dmitry Tabachnyk was delighted to see some 70 journalists at his press conference, that is until he got up to speak. 30 of the journalists stood up and took off their jackets to reveal yellow ‘T’ shirts bearing the slogan ‘Tabachnyk, shame on you’. Later he angrily demanded to know why they had been let in, only to be told that… America is a free country.

We are likely to see even more such protests from the Ukrainian Diaspora communities from around the world as modern Ukrainian politics attempts to turn the clock back to the 1980′s. If the governing authorities think they are going to be able to return Ukraine to a one party soviet-styled state without howls of protest then they have learned nothing from history. Some may equally protest that the Diaspora communities should show more respect to the Head of State, but respect cannot be bought… it comes only after an acknowledgement of their responsibilities to the people.

The Ukrainian police flex their power of impunity

Cases of Ukrainian people being beaten to death by Ukrainian policemen are on the rise. The brutality befalls not only journalists, but increasingly citizens from all walks of life. Recent cases include a well reported attack on a popular Donetsk journalist. In a letter to the President, the Chief-editor of the ‘Delovoy Donbass’ newspaper personally expressed his regret that he could not provided proper protection for himself and his family.
The event with the most recent public resonance however was the murder of student Ihor Indyla in the Shevchenko police district in Kyiv. The investigation into his death is still underway and those guilty of the murder have yet to be apprehended. This is not the first time that this central Kyiv police station has witnessed such incidents. In July 2008 Tymur Fedus was beaten in a cell and subsequently died of his injuries, two years later the inquiry into this case also remains ‘underway’. Other cases of police brutality that have resulted in the death of innocent people have occurred in Dnipropetrovs’k and in Lviv. The Ministry of Internal Affairs appears either unwilling or incapable of prosecuting those responsible even after the Administration of the President has demanded specific action and results.

People First Comment:Unfortunately police brutality has become something of a sport in Ukraine. Officers whose role is to protect the people now feel they have the power to abuse them at will. There are three possible explanations. First, that this is just another example of the degradation of Ukrainian society that has resulted from the general breakdown of the rule of law. Secondly, that like the crackdown on journalism and civil society it is a return to the bad old days of a society controlled by fear, or thirdly, that the militia has been infected with criminality that is getting out of control.

Which ever is the case, the solution is simple. There is no such thing as bad soldiers, only bad officers. It is the duty of every officer to ensure discipline within his command and if they can’t, they should step aside. It is the duty of every militia officer to protect society even if that means ‘ratting’ on his colleagues and it is the duty of every prosecutor to ensure that the guilty face justice, no matter their rank, status or position. If any of the above fail in their duty then they are as guilty as those who kicked and punched these innocent people to their deaths. Ukraine is a civilized country and civilized people will not tolerate such barbarity or injustice.

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Steel Industry of Mariupol, Ukraine

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Democracy Watch – Issue 11

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Democracy Watch – Issue 10

Ukraine almost reaches the world №1 spot on two counts whilst the Ukrainian Diaspora community in the USA refuse to meet with the President and police brutality turns fatal.

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Viktor Tkachuk

Democracy another form of dictgatorship

Posted by admin on Nov 29, 2010 in Articles | 0 comments

Democracy another form of dictgatorship

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Home Page > Law > National, State, Local > Democracy another form of dictgatorship

Democracy another form of dictgatorship

Posted: Oct 22, 2010 |Comments: 0

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Democracy another form of dictgatorship

By: Dalip Wasan.

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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Democracy another form of dictgatorship

Democracy another form of dictatorship? Dalip Singh Wasan, Advocate. We shall have to accept that complete democracy could not be established in any part of this world and we must also accept that complete democracy shall remain an impossibility. The governments are established through elections and these elections are fought through political parties. We all know that these political parties are like co-operative societies formed by some people who divide positions amongst themselves and then invite others to join them. And one thing remains there that the people who had established these parties remain the heads and the controllers and all others who are allowed to join are just nominal members to complete the strength. These heads distribute tickets as per their own desires and as per their own calculations and there are possibilities that these party tickets are sold against funds which are called party funds. The people of the country are just voters and they are not allowed to contest elections by these parties. Every one who wants to take part in elections, shall be allowed party ticket against funds and only people who are having some scope of victory join these elections. We know that the people are just voters and they are invited once in four or five years to come and cast their votes and after casting votes, they are pushed back to suffer for another term. The people who win in elections and are allowed to form government, they divide ministries as per share and merit of the member is never taken into account. Some time one political party forms government and some time some parties make an alliance and form government and they too divide ministries not on merits but on the basis of shares they get in the house. The people who are present in elected houses are not free persons, but they are bound to obey the orders of their seniors means the heads of the parties and therefore, we can say that these persons are not allowed to function as per their wishes, desires and as per their conscience. They are slaves of the party heads and function as per whips issued by the party heads. Therefore, we must accept that dictatorship of another kind remains there in the functioning of the government. The people are not government nor the people in power ever accept that they are the representative of the people. They know that they had spent money on these elections and that money they had spent from their own pockets. They never thought that they shall be public servants and since they are not committed to function for the welfare of the people who had voted them out, they never work for the welfare of the people. They work for their own welfare and for that purpose they are bound to adopt methods which could be concealed from the people. They have invented methods of scams, scandals, muddles, commissions, sale of jobs, sale of quotas, sale of licences, sale of jobs, promotions, transfers etc. etc. and we see they take the help of bureaucracy and complete their files in such a manner that all remains concealed and in spite of all these concealments, they turn rich and people can see the way of life they had earlier and they could attain now. So the things established in all the countries could establish one fact that democracy is a far cry and we must accept that complete democracy shall never be established on this earth and all shall remain slaves and the people who are in power shall function like dictators. 101-C Vikas Colony, Patiala-Pb.India-147003

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Right To Food And Food Right As A Fundamental Universal Human Right And Key For The Maintenance Of World Lasting Peace And Prosperity

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Right To Food And Food Right As A Fundamental Universal Human Right And Key For The Maintenance Of World Lasting Peace And Prosperity

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Home Page > Law > Regulatory Compliance > Right To Food And Food Right As A Fundamental Universal Human Right And Key For The Maintenance Of World Lasting Peace And Prosperity

Right To Food And Food Right As A Fundamental Universal Human Right And Key For The Maintenance Of World Lasting Peace And Prosperity

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Right To Food And Food Right As A Fundamental Universal Human Right And Key For The Maintenance Of World Lasting Peace And Prosperity

By: Sapard Vincent-de- Paul KALALA

About the Author

Sapard Vincent-de Paul Mozes Tshimankinda Ngandu Kalala is author of several articles on Business, economics, law, Politics-International Relations and Human Rights.

This international lawyer and political scientist is also one of the self published minds.

Member of Upper Canada Law Society and graduate of Ottawa Law School, Ghana School of Law) (Alberta, Ohio, Humber & Legon & UNAZA universities just few) -

BA, BS, MA, LLB,LLM, LLD, MBA, DBA, PhD

Sapard is also the founder of NPPPC (National People’s Patriotic Party of Congo – Nouveau Parti Patriotique du Peuple Congolais) where he has authored the Manifesto of the Party and the Constitution which both are available on Lulu.com.

He is innovative writer because he has always something to add to the world’s body of knowledge.

(ArticlesBase SC #1943808)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Right To Food And Food Right As A Fundamental Universal Human Right And Key For The Maintenance Of World Lasting Peace And Prosperity

It is obvious that food is a need which nobody can do without and it is becoming surely in large part a major human right issue today. Food is a necessity to every person since no person can live without it. The increase in famine, hunger, malnutrition and other food related problems in the world have motivated more commitment to food and to its production. Access to adequate and quality food has been an important issue in world politics. Historically and since immemorial times, people are known to have held protest against kings, presidents, prime ministers, rulers, governments or other leaders in fight for food. For example: the events leading to the French Revolution and Marie Antoinette attitude towards her subjects will be always studied and remembered as unfortunate historical occurrences caused by misery and hunger (le ventre affamé n’a pas d’oreilles = empty stomach is hard of hearing). Similar protests are still being witnessed in the world today. The latest world food crisis led to demonstration, protest and even food related violence in many countries.

These aforementioned occurrences and the importance of food as number one of all needs to human existence add weight to food rights and mostly right to food as an important element of universal human rights susceptible to help in the eradication of poverty and the maintenance of peace and tranquility in the world today, if well implemented.

Right to food has been addressed in several conferences, various human rights documents and in research papers.

The world came to its sense to address food rights since the adoption of The Universal Declaration. Since then, the mere legal right confirming access to adequate food has been included in various human rights and legal documents. Following suit, some countries have included clauses on and enshrined right to food in their constitutions.

It is laudable to observe that even the countries that do not have explicit clauses of right to food, went ahead in accepting and signing to international documents that recognize right to food as a fundamental right. Show of force, without reservation, their commitment to the indispensable universal right to food.

In general overview, it is important to say there is no need to repeat the mere fact that food is an essential necessity to every human being (“Food security is a basic right” par 1). For a person to live, food is required. Not only ordinary food, but the food should be Adequate and of quality, and such food is required for people to live normal and healthy lives.

Even thought the food production has increased in 21st Century, Access to adequate and quality food is not possible to every person on the planet (United States. Dept. of Agriculture 32). The world has witnessed increase in people suffering from famine, hunger and malnutrition, and effect of famine to children has been even more severe.

Although the fundamental responsibility to food falls on an individual person, the collective responsibility to food cannot be ignored.

Historical and political background of right to food gives evidence to the importance of food as an universal fundamental right and the history of the right to food has even longer history than the politics of malnutrition. The historical background of right to food shows the growth of access to food as a fundamental right. The Access to food as a right expands the responsibility to food from an individual to state and to community of states because of its global impact.

After many centuries of struggle for democracy, social justice and human rights, obligations for providing food have been increasingly made enforceable in some countries. Thus, explaining the fact that providing food has been a moral obligation of rulers for centuries. In history, rulers were expected to provide and maintain access to food for their subjects. Failure to provide access to food was viewed as failure in leadership.

It is obvious to say that Moral obligation to provide food is in a way different from right to food. While moral obligation is not enforceable, food as a right is an enforceable obligation (Schulz & Kracht 113).

In the past people under threat of famine or hunger would hold protests against rulers to force them to meet their moral obligation of providing food. Right to food, as a human right provides channels for forcing the State to meet its obligations towards its citizens. The essence of right to food is to provide legal and procedural means for ensuring that authorities provide access to food for everyone. But even if the plea and several demands for right to food have been there for more than two hundred years, the idea is yet to be adopted by all the countries in the world.

If we look at the current state of food rights, World data on food related issues provide surprising information. It is estimated that more than Eight hundred million people in the world do not have adequate food. The effect of inadequate food and famine is even more severe in children. It is estimated that about forty thousand children die each day to hunger related cases. Most of the victims of famine and famine related problem constitute more of the poor. The high number of people suffering from food related problem continues to grow despite of high food production and consumption per capita ratio in some countries and the world in general (Craven 215).

While some people have excess food, others in other part of the world suffer from adverse lack of the same. Considering high production of food per capita in the world, it is fair to say that scarce access to food in other regions of the world is closely related to other social economic elements of life such for example, lack of source of income that can lead to poverty and hunger.

Food problems in the world can be viewed in two perspectives. In one hand, food is not available to the people and the unavailability of food can lead to famine. In the other, food is available but some people cannot access it (Eide par 5).

It is known that earlier campaigns on access to food have focused on making food available to all. To conform to right to food, many countries emphasized on improving food production through reforms and technology. However, it has shown so far that this approach is not always effective when poor people are not involved in the production. With technology and mechanization of agriculture, food production is made for commercial purpose while the poor fail to access food despite of high food production (“Right to food: A fundamental human right” par 7). In this case, the overall yield per hectare cannot be used to evaluate access to food in statistics. Also, the Right to food involves other variable such as quantity, nutrition value and culture.

As a fundamental necessity, access to food will remain an important human right issue.

Without human rights, the principles of democracy, good governance, justice and law or order would not have the real meaning in their implementation. Therefore, the notion of right to food is very important for the mankind in all countries on this planet.

As the time goes, it is a trend to see that Most countries’ constitutions contain at least a chapter on the bill of rights or a charter of rights or either a chapter and sections pertaining to human rights that state the rights provided to the people within the territory. Also, it is certain that United Nations has played an important part and role to the growth in human rights in the world as we know them today. The United Nations was formed after the world had experienced very severe human rights issues during the Second World War.

The vision for Universal Human Rights was developed during the war after basic human rights of most people were overlooked in the war. The post war vision was a world with freedom to speech, faith, freedom from fear and freedom from want.

Universal Declaration on human rights provides the most important foundation to growth in human rights. United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 as a guideline to universal human right (Orend 25). The vision implied global cooperation to fight against global problems, common responsibility to security and wealth.

The global unity was to replace unilateral assertion that had led to war but promote multilateral cooperation for common good (Gross 33).

The growth in the vision for unity for common good was first manifested through declaration between United Kingdom and United States of America in 1941. Then, in 1942, United Nations incorporated the vision in its United Nations Declaration. This global cooperation inspired the drafting of United Nations Charter in 1945 and Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948.

Formation of United Nations showed the determination with which member states had deep faith in cooperation, global peace and in solidarity or working together for common good. By being a member, a State commits itself to maintain peaceful relations and to respect and be friendly to other member countries. The member countries also promised to do anything possible for universal peace (Gross 33). Member States also promised to cooperate with other nations in order to solve international humanitarian, cultural, economic or social problems. Above this, the member States must be committed to uphold human rights of their citizens and other people with disregard to race, political affiliation, religion, sex or language.

The vision for global cooperation was stamped by adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The declaration implied that global peace and cooperation was not possible without respect of fundamental human rights. Global social, cultural, humanitarian and economic solution could not be possible without respect to basic human rights. The Universal Declaration of human Rights elaborates the range of human rights that should be available to every human being (Eide & Alfredson 17).

Various steps have been taken toward global cooperation. Although there are various successes to human rights, some of the rights stated in the declaration are yet to be achieved in all countries.

Right to food is seen as a fundamental right to human being.

Since the inception of human right through the declaration of universal human right, right to food has taken a central point in other human rights’ documents that came after the Declaration of Human Rights. Internationally recognized human rights’ documents that recognize the right to food include international Bill of Human Right, the Covenants on Human Rights, and social, economic and cultural rights. These mentioned international documents on human rights were adopted through the General Assembly of Human Rights. Governments that ratify these documents imply that they agree to uphold the contents of the documents.

Although the rights are recognized in various countries, this does not necessarily imply that there are respected in practice, but it gives at least a bright hope to future practice of the human rights including the right to food as legitimate human right..

One example of global recognition of right to food as a fundamental right is the recognition of food security as a state responsibility. Food and Agriculture Organization council passed a guideline to food security in 2004. The guideline recognizes the right to food by focusing on food security (FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 37).The trend in world leaders to recognize the need for guaranteed food security is an indication that right to food is a fundamental right (Gonsalves & Human Right Law Network 59).

The ambitions United Nations’ Millennium Goals show the commitment of global leaders to a better world through provision of human rights. One of the millennium goals is to reduce the number of people suffering from hunger by half. The World Summit held in 1996 also recognized the need to address access to food in all parts of the world (Feyter 125).

Despite of the commitments made by globe leaders to reduce hunger in the world, the numbers of people suffering from hunger have increased rather than decreased. This trend is an indication that measures that are more positive and objective should be taken to guarantee right to food other than just make mutual empty promises and non effective commitments.

Although most world leaders agree that access to food is a fundamental right, there is laxity in fulfilling this right, thus, creating hindrance to the right to food (Williams 171).

Almost one billion people in the world are hungry right now. Reducing hunger in the world seems not to be a priority in core decision makers. The right to food is set aside for other aims that are thought to be of priority by the leaders (Skoet & Stamoulis 78). For example, reform on land policies to allow land to majority of poor would improve food security in a bigger way. However, most world leaders cannot agree to such a reform with preference to income from commercialized agriculture (Christensen 123).

Priority on commerce has led to competition between nonfood commercial crops and food crops. Even where the land reforms are taking place, they are not well adequately applied. There is abuse of power and many transgressions on individuals’ human rights. Several countries in the third world found themselves without any adequate agriculture and food production after their independence from colonial masters. One of the mere reasons is the inequity in implementation of land transfer and the lack of vision in the distribution and implementation of the same well written land reforms. Politicians want to grab all the left land and they have no will to use what it takes to make the land productive. The land and the farm workers are being managed by remote control using cell phone (Zimbabwe).

Right to food has been addressed in various international documents. After the Universal Declaration on Human Rights was adopted, human rights advocates paid more attention to political rights, which seemed to be urgent due to the Second World War. However, as most political rights in the declaration are already in place, there is more increased attention to social and economic rights. Right to access to food is part of social and economic right provided by the declaration (Austin & Tomasevski 67).

Article 25(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Right states the importance of food as a human right. “…Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food, clothing. Housing and medical care and necessary social services…” (“The Universal Declaration on Human Rights” art 25(1)). This article makes it clear that access to food is an essential component to social economic rights.

The International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights elaborates the social economic rights provided in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 11(1) of this document offers and insists a lot on individuals having the right to adequate food. The article also emphasize of the need for other humanitarian commodities such as clothing and a standard of living (“International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” art 11). This article emphasizes on the need for every member state to commit itself to upholding right to standard of life, where access to food is recognized as one of the components to standard of life.

The objective of human rights is to uphold human dignity for all individuals in the world other than just meet their psychological needs. This human dignity is manifested more in ability of every person to provide for herself other than being provided for (Tomasevski 89).

The response to problems of malnutrition in the world is highly based on compassion (Kent 21). International response to food problems range from small feeding programs to large-scale response, and through international bodies such as World Food Program, United Nations Children’s Fund, World Bank and other nongovernmental organizations.

The right to food is closely related to the right to life. Everyone has the right to be free from hunger. It is the most fundamental and enabling human right of them all. Without food, nobody will thrive, nobody will function and nobody will live. Since a person cannot live without access to food, clauses that provide for right to life also imply the right to food. Article six of International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, adopted in 1976, provide for the right to life. ” ..Every human being has the inherent right to life…” (“International Convention on Civil and Political Rights” art 6).The term inherent in this article shows that the right to life is absolute and not be denied. Article 1(2) of the same document protects human being from interference on their means of getting food. “In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence.” (“International Convention on Civil and Political Rights” art 1(2).

International Convention on Economic, Social and cultural Rights and Convention on the Right of the Child provide clauses on right to food that are binding to all member states. Article 24 of Convention on the Right of the Child compels member states to provide essential things to a child including water and adequate food (“Convention on the Right of the Child” art 24).

Various countries have included the right to food in their constitutions. Brazil, Congo, Ukraine, Paraguay, Peru, Pakistan and India are some of the countries that have included the right to food in their constitutions (“The right to food in national constitutions” par 2-9). Uganda, South Africa, Nicaragua and Ukraine recognize explicitly the right to adequate food for everyone.

Although the implementation of clauses on right to food may not be successful, at least the inclusion of right to food in the constitutions is a giant step toward overall right s to food for everyone.

For the Right to food in United States and Canada is a complex subject. Right to food is not explicitly stated in both United States of America and Canada’s constitutions. Despite of this omission, the right to food could be implied through precedence or implied in other clauses of both countries’ constitutions.

For example, the right to food is not explicitly stated in the United States Bill of Rights. However, the bill of rights provides for the rights that could be related to the right to food. Right to food is considered as a social economic right such as right to land, good environment, just wages or personal security and pursue of happiness (Cohen & Messer 152). Despite of this, the same right is also implied in the civil and political rights. Observations from countries that do not respect civil and political rights show that citizens of such countries suffer from dire social economic problems (Russell & Chapman 83).

The right to speech and freedom of assembly, guaranteed in the US’s Bill of Rights create a good opportunity for achieving of the social economic rights.

Right to assembly and free press create the needed environment to demand for social economic provisions.

In addition to the Bill of Rights, the US government is a signatory to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International and Convection on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights. USA also passed the Convention on the Right of the Child, a binding treaty, although it did not ratify it. Despite of the earlier commitment to right to food, United States of America is reluctant to inclusion of right to food in UN charter. This reluctance is not malicious, because USA is one of the first and best countries that care about human rights, human dignity and the well being of citizens. Americans as individuals are compassionate people.

Unfortunately enough, it goes without forgetting that in 2002′s World Food Summit, United States was the only country that was opposed to the right to food.

Even though right to food is not incorporated in Canada’s constitution, Canada has a Charter of Rights which is stronger than the Bill of Rights passed in the United States, because the Charter of Rights is integral part of the Constitution of Canada. Canada is known as the world‘s Human Rights Champion. Canada has dedicated itself to a variety of global conventions that tackle right to food (Riches par 4).

In the recent past, Canada has also committed itself to various international declarations that address the right to food. The country supports FAO’s Declaration of Food Security in 1996, World Declaration on Nutrition in 1992 and Declaration on Social Development. And in 2002′s World Food Summit, Canada distanced itself from USA by siding with the world for the Right to Food. Canada is a very compassionate State and for example when the USA is still struggling within itself to provide health insurance to the big segment of its less fortunate of the society without health insurance, Canada has accomplished that decades ago and nobody on Canadian soil goes medically uninsured.

In summary, Canada and the United States of America, both countries are known to be at the summit of leading democracies in the world and are where the major food problems to feed their citizens do not or hardly could occur.

In conclusion, the Right to food is an important human right issue today. Hunger dulls the intellect, hinders development and thwarts productivity. Enough food is produced twice over every year than is needed to feed the world. There is no reason for anyone to live hungry without food. Advocates for right to food use the phrase “Food first” to show the importance of availability to food above other priorities.

Food is a necessity that none can live without; hence, it should be given a priority. Article 25(1) of Universal Declaration on Human Right defines right to adequate food as a fundamental right. International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, and Convention on Right to Child are some of the international conventions that have addressed the right to food. Various international declarations on right to food show the trend towards global right to food.

Some countries such as India, Brazil, Paraguay and South African already have enshrined clauses on right to food in their constitutions. We hope the world will increasingly understand and recognize the trend to make the right to food as a priority for the healthy mankind enshrined in their Constitutions. Then, governments will be directly legally held accountable and would be aware of their obligations toward the people and citizens in the respective countries.

========================================

Works Cited

1) Austin, Philip. & Tomasevski, Katarina. The Right to food. New York: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1984.

2) Christensen, Cheryl. The right to food: how to guarantee. New York: Transaction Publishers, 1978.

3) Cohen m Marc. & Messer, Ellen. The Human Right to Food as a U.S Nutrition Concern 1976-2006. Washington D.C: Intl Food Policy Res inst, 2007.

4) Convention on the Right of the Child”. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Nov. 1989. 27 Jan. 2010.

5) Craven, Matthew. The international convention on economic, social, and cultural rights: a perspective on its development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

6)Eide, Asbjorn. & Alfredsson, Gudmundur. The Declaration of Human Rights: a common standard of achievement. New York: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1999.

7) Eide, Asbjorn. “The human right to food and contemporary globalization”. Oct. 2008. 27 Jan. 2010.

8)Feyter, Koen. World development law: sharing responsibility for development. New York. Intersentia nv, 2001.

-Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. “Voluntary guidelines to support the progressive realization of the right to adequate food in the context of the national food security, adopted by the 127th Session of the FAO Council, November 2004″. New York: Food & Agriculture Org, 2005.

9) ” “Food security is a basic right”. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Sep. 1996. 27 Jan.

10) Gonsalves, Colin. & Human Right Law Network. “Right to food: commissioners reports, Supreme Court orders, NHRC reports, articles”. New Delhi: Human Right Law Network, 2004.

11) Gross, Ernest. The United Nations: structure for peace. New York: Harper, 1962.

12)”International Convention on Civil and Political Rights”. Human and Constitutional Rights Resource Page. March. 1976. 27 Jan. 2010

13) “International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. December. 1966. Jan. 2010.

14) Kent, George. Global obligations for the right to food. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008.

15) Orend, Brian. Human Rights: concept and context. New York: Broadview Press, 2002.

16) Riches, Graham. “Towards Food Democracy: Reaffirming the right to food in Canada”. March, 2008. 27 Jan. 2010.

17) “Right to food: A fundamental human right”. PACS. Jan 2007. 27 Jan. 2010.

18) Russell, Sage. & Chapman, Audrey. Core obligations: building a framework for economic, social and cultural rights. New York: Intersentia nv,2002.

19) chulz, Manfred. & Kracht, Uwe. Food security and nutrition: the global challenge. Berlin: LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Munster, 1999.

20) Skoet, Jako. & Stamoulis, Kostas. “The state of the food security in the world 2006: eradicating world hunger- taking stock ten years after World Food Summit”. New York: Food & Agriculture org, 2006.

21) “The right to food in national constitutions”. FAO Corporate Document Repository. Apr. 1998. 27 Jan. 2010.

22) “The Universal Declaration on Human Rights”. December. 1948. 27 Jan. 2010.

23) Tomasevski, Katarina. The right to food through applicable international law. New York: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987

24) United States. Dept. of Agriculture. “The U.S. contribution to world food security: the U.S. Position paper prepared for the World Food Summit”. Washington D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1996.

25) Williams, Lawrence. International poverty law: an emerging discourse. London: Zed Books, 2006.

============================================

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Sapard Vincent-de- Paul KALALA -
About the Author:

Sapard Vincent-de Paul Mozes Tshimankinda Ngandu Kalala is author of several articles on Business, economics, law, Politics-International Relations and Human Rights.

This international lawyer and political scientist is also one of the self published minds.

Member of Upper Canada Law Society and graduate of Ottawa Law School, Ghana School of Law) (Alberta, Ohio, Humber & Legon & UNAZA universities just few) -

BA, BS, MA, LLB,LLM, LLD, MBA, DBA, PhD

He is innovative writer because he has always something to add to the world’s body of knowledge.

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Article Tags:
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Sapard Vincent-de Paul Mozes Tshimankinda Ngandu Kalala is author of several articles on Business, economics, law, Politics-International Relations and Human Rights.

This international lawyer and political scientist is also one of the self published minds.

Member of Upper Canada Law Society and graduate of Ottawa Law School, Ghana School of Law) (Alberta, Ohio, Humber & Legon & UNAZA universities just few) -

BA, BS, MA, LLB,LLM, LLD, MBA, DBA, PhD

He is innovative writer because he has always something to add to the world’s body of knowledge.

The assassination of democracy

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The assassination of democracy

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The assassination of democracy

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The assassination of democracy

By: Michael George

About the Author

My name is Michael George. I am originally from the East coast of Canada, From Cape Breton Island to be exact. In my early years traveled, made mistakes, learned and experienced much about life. Why I write about the subjects I do? What I like is real life, experiences and sharing what we can learn from it. I have a back ground in the Social Sciences, area of significant studies anthropology in the area of culture. I enjoy writing and reading, poetry, history, philosophy, ideology, as well as various books in self help, biography, Sci – fiction, and Vampire horror. I have a wide taste and music, but my favorites are rock, country, and contemporary. I am easy to speak with and open to learning, about people, place and things.

(ArticlesBase SC #2766711)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – The assassination of democracy

G20 Powers – The assassination of democracy and the rise of the new world order
The correct picture of things to come and the end of democracy

This weekend at the G20 summit we got to see the police in proceedings under and archaic piece of legalization named the public works protection act. A law enhances by our own Ontario Government. Then put into effect by the chief of the Toronto police who requested the act, asked by our own Federal Government. Some hears say, point to the PMO office itself. As; this article unveils itself what comes to light is the goals of the G20.

The worlds 20 most economically powerful nations coming together to determine the fate of the world economy with a plan that include,” rules aim towards improving ‘quality and weight’ of banking capital and discouraging unreasonable risk taking. According to Steven Scaliger in section G-20 Summit Designs for Global Economy for (newamerican.com).

Apparently he was not far off the paper trail in this article, and we as resident of Canada should be prepared to accept a new tomorrow if we do not do something about this now. We can not hold back, and allow our Provincial and Federal Governments to act in a manner that cut our individual rights to freedom, our ability to maintain safe guards against injustices created by our authorities. We can not let our country to be handled in a dictatorship mentality.

Nor can we accept the birth place of a new world order where our leaders can choose to move monetary stimulus, under the veil of reducing deficits and debt. Nor can we allow an attack on our social safety net, pensions, health care, as well as handed new taxes, which are all designed to hurt the poorer of our citizens.

The fidelity here is we are allowing democracy to die before our eyes. We are allowing our Canadian Provincial and Federal Government too much power. Our people need to consolidate into a collective form, and demand change to an outdated political system that no longer benefits this Canadian community.

What we faced with in the present according to news coverage is a country in need of unity. A, population in need of commonality among sub cultural groups and the creation of thinking of Canada as a country with much variety and needs to intergraded into one voice. We need to stand up against those who would seek to take away our rights to liberty and freedom to assemble according to the law of our Country.

We need constitutional amendments, a revamping of our current political system, and a right to reject leaders at all levels of government we feel as a governing commonwealth in joining spirit is not acting in the best interest of our nation. The people of Canada want to use there voice and prepare themselves to be heard. The demand for change needs to be addressed by the population of Canada and the necessity to reject our leaders for passing such orders.

We need to consider the future in a way that brings depth to the people and not those who claim to support our share in hand. We need to request Governmental changes that will be of benefit to all levels within Canadian Society.

We can no longer stand by and accept these governmental entities the right to transfer our quality and support from us. We need to be determined in harmony and desire for change. We can no longer stand before, and let these elect officials who we felt were the first candid for their posting to operate so freely among us. The reality is a future with a new world order. Where there is a real community of haves and have not, with a two, level system with those who are rich and those who are poor. Under a government that operates in a manner similar to monarchial with a level of fascism, communism, and totalitarianism entwined.

The problem here is, “What will we stand for freedom, liberty, justices, truth and honor or will we allow our political entities to operate in a manner that will hinder the quality and value of our lives?” With the powers, we have given them through guess they were the best choice for their position.

The future is in our hands. We can be idle or we can make demands for change. The fact is can we as Canadian some who are native born and those who are a few generations old come to realize we are in need of a true bonding within the Canadian society.

Often when one is asked,” Where do you come from?”

They respond,” I am from where ever?”

Then when asked,” Why did you come to Canada?”

They answer,” Better life and future for my family.”

Some will even say,” Living in Canada is hard. They work to many hours as a result of the cost of living.”

The reality is they are absolutely speaking the truth on a general level and being among the less wealthy.

The fact is Canada is a country with variance with three main cultures,” The natives, The French and English,” with many sub cultures underneath some generational and some new.

The worst part is we are not united under one cause. We have our own cultures best value in hand. The truth is we are all Canadian, some by birth and some by choice. With, each having a distinctive part in the design of this country future and this will allow us all to find a common belief that will join us. This one is worth it.

We need to request amendment as a nation under one flag. Not thinking alone we need to focus on the future for not only ourselves, but our children’s future. As, our fathers did when they cross the waters hoping for a better tomorrow in their attempt to avoid injustices perceived by their own countries Governing bodies.

The beauty of Canada is we harbor many individuals and families from different nations under one flag, and with each desiring to come here for a better tomorrow. One which we all have freedom, liberty, justices, truth and honor, as well as a chance to have much more benefits in our lives.

I think what has happened during the G20 summit and what has occurred in its after mass provides one true reality we need to request a change, the establishment of modern administrative systems and changes to our constitution, as well as the elimination of Provincial self government under a clause of autonomy.

We as Canadian should never be subject to damage by those placed in, a position to protect us. We should not have to live in fear of arrest without cause nor should we have our rights to peaceful assembly taken from us.

The nation we live in is Canada a vast nation with much opportunity and a region to which it claimed to be a just society. We can not let our elected political leaders the ability to move our rights to the quality and value of what our nation once stood for. We need to be a society where there is patriotism and a willingness to champion the cause of right.

We need to follow one another as a joining group of people willing to serve one another in times of crisis, and as such is the one that is before us now. We need a petition to stop governments all levels that seek to undo what birthed to us through the struggles of our ancestors.

Michael George

Lifestyle News journal

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